Chotengera choponderezedwa ndi chidebe chopangidwa kuti chisunge mpweya kapena zamadzimadzi pamphamvu yosiyana kwambiri ndi mphamvu yozungulira. Zombozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mafuta ndi gasi, kukonza mankhwala, kupanga magetsi, ndi kupanga. Zombo zopatsirana ziyenera kupangidwa ndi kumangidwa ndi chitetezo m'malingaliro chifukwa cha zoopsa zomwe zingachitike ndi madzi othamanga kwambiri.
Mitundu Yodziwika ya Zotengera Zopanikizika:
1. Zombo Zosungira:
o Amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira zamadzimadzi kapena mpweya wopanikizika.
o Zitsanzo: Matanki a LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), matanki osungira gasi.
2. Zosinthira Kutentha:
o Zotengerazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusamutsa kutentha pakati pa madzi awiri, nthawi zambiri mopanikizika.
o Zitsanzo: Ng'oma zowotchera, zokondera, kapena nsanja zozizirira.
3. Zoyatsira:
o Amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri.
o Zitsanzo: Ma autoclaves mumakampani opanga mankhwala kapena mankhwala.
4. Matanki a Air Receivers/Compressor:
o Zotengera zokakamizazi zimasunga mpweya woponderezedwa kapena mpweya mu makina a kompresa, monga tafotokozera kale.
5. Mabotolo:
o Mtundu wa chotengera choponderezedwa chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nthunzi potenthetsa kapena kupanga magetsi.
o Boilers amakhala ndi madzi ndi nthunzi akapanikizika.
Zigawo za Pressure Vessel:
• Chipolopolo: Thupi lakunja la chotengera chopanikizika. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yozungulira kapena yozungulira ndipo iyenera kumangidwa kuti ipirire kupanikizika kwamkati.
• Mitu (End Caps): Izi ndi zigawo za pamwamba ndi pansi za chotengera chokakamiza. Nthawi zambiri amakhala okhuthala kuposa chipolopolo kuti athe kuthana ndi kupanikizika kwamkati mogwira mtima.
• Mphuno ndi Madoko: Izi zimalola madzimadzi kapena gasi kulowa ndikutuluka mu chombo chothamanga ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi makina ena.
• Kutsegula kwa Manjala Kapena Kolowera: Khomo lokulirapo lomwe limalola kuti munthu athe kuyeretsa, kuyang’anira, kapena kukonza zinthu.
• Ma Vavu Achitetezo: Awa ndi ofunikira kwambiri kuti chombocho chitha kupitirira malire ake potulutsa mphamvu ngati kuli kofunikira.
• Zothandizira ndi Zokwera: Zomwe zimapangidwira zomwe zimapereka chithandizo ndi kukhazikika kwa chotengera chokakamiza panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito.
Zolinga Zopangira Zotengera Zopanikizika:
• Kusankha Zinthu: Zotengera zokakamiza ziyenera kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimatha kupirira kupanikizika kwamkati ndi chilengedwe chakunja. Zida zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo chitsulo cha kaboni, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndipo nthawi zina zitsulo za alloy kapena kompositi zomwe zimawononga kwambiri.
• Makulidwe a Khoma: Kuchuluka kwa makoma a chotengera chokakamiza kumadalira mphamvu yamkati ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Makoma okhuthala amafunikira pazovuta kwambiri.
• Kuwunika Kupanikizika: Zotengera zopanikizika zimakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndi kupsinjika (mwachitsanzo, kupanikizika kwa mkati, kutentha, kugwedezeka). Njira zowunikira zapakatikati (monga kusanthula kwazinthu zomaliza kapena FEA) nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.
• Kulimbana ndi Kutentha: Kuwonjezera pa kupanikizika, zombo nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito m'madera otsika kwambiri kapena otsika kwambiri, choncho zinthuzo ziyenera kukana kupsinjika kwa kutentha ndi kuwonongeka.
• Kutsata Malamulo: Zombo zokakamiza nthawi zambiri zimafunikira kuti zigwirizane ndi ma code, monga:
o ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Boiler ndi Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
o PED (Pressure Equipment Directive) ku Europe
o Miyezo ya API (American Petroleum Institute) yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta ndi gasi
Zipangizo Zodziwika Pazotengera Zopanikizika:
• Chitsulo cha Mpweya: Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pazombo zosunga zinthu zosawononga ndi kupanikizika pang'ono.
• Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri: Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga dzimbiri kapena kutentha kwambiri. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimalimbananso ndi dzimbiri ndipo chimakhala cholimba kuposa chitsulo cha carbon.
• Zitsulo za Alloy: Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opanikizika kwambiri kapena kutentha kwambiri, monga malo opangira ndege kapena mafakitale opanga magetsi.
• Zida Zophatikizika: Zida zophatikizika zapamwamba nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, zotengera zopepuka komanso zothamanga kwambiri).
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ma Pressure Vessels:
1. Makampani a Mafuta ndi Gasi:
o Matanki osungiramo gasi wa liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasi wachilengedwe, kapena mafuta, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala opanikizika kwambiri.
o Zombo zolekanitsa m'malo oyeretsera kuti alekanitse mafuta, madzi, ndi gasi mopanikizika.
2. Chemical Processing:
o Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyukiliya, mizati ya distillation, ndi kusungirako zochitika za mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimafuna malo opanikizika.
3. Kupanga Mphamvu:
o Boilers, ng'oma nthunzi, ndi pressurized reactors ntchito popanga magetsi, kuphatikizapo nyukiliya ndi mafuta mafuta.
4. Chakudya ndi Chakumwa:
o Zotengera zopatsirana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza, kutseketsa, ndikusunga zakudya.
5. Makampani Opanga Mankhwala:
o Ma Autoclaves ndi ma reactors omwe amaphatikiza kutsekereza kwamphamvu kwambiri kapena kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala.
6. Zamlengalenga ndi Cryogenics:
o Matanki a cryogenic amasunga mpweya wamadzimadzi pamtunda wochepa kwambiri pansi pa kupanikizika.
Ma Code ndi Miyezo ya Zotengera Zopanikizika:
1. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC): Khodi iyi imapereka malangizo a kamangidwe, kupanga, ndi kuyang'anira zombo zokakamiza ku US
2. ASME Gawo VIII: Imapereka zofunikira zenizeni pakupanga ndi kumanga zombo zokakamiza.
3. PED (Pressure Equipment Directive): Lamulo la European Union lomwe limakhazikitsa miyezo ya zida zokakamiza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko aku Europe.
4. Miyezo ya API: Kwa mafakitale a mafuta ndi gasi, American Petroleum Institute (API) imapereka miyezo yeniyeni ya zotengera zokakamiza.
Pomaliza:
Zombo zopatsirana ndizofunika kwambiri pamafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kupanga mphamvu mpaka kupanga mankhwala. Mapangidwe awo, kamangidwe, ndi kukonza kwawo kumafuna kutsata mosamalitsa miyezo yachitetezo, kusankha zinthu, ndi mfundo zaumisiri kuti apewe kulephera kowopsa. Kaya ndikusunga mpweya woponderezedwa, kusunga zakumwa pamitsempha yokwera, kapena kuwongolera kusintha kwamankhwala, zombo zoponderezedwa zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusunga bwino komanso chitetezo chamakampani.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-20-2024